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Transversus Abdominus Muscle

Transversus abdominus muscle

The transversus abdominis muscle, also known as the transverse abdominal muscle, is a muscle layer of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall which is deep to the internal oblique muscle. The muscle arises from the ribs and the iliac crest and inserts into the pubic tubercle via the conjoint tendon, also known as the falx inguinalis. Category:Muscular system



Ribs

:This article is about the bones called ribs. For other meanings, see rib (disambiguation). rib (disambiguation) In anatomy, ribs (Latin costae) are the long curved bones which form the rib cage. Ribs surround the chest (Latin thorax) of land vertebrates, and protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thoracic cavity. In mammals, one generally thinks of ribs only occurring in the chest. However, fused-on remnants of ribs can be traced in development in neck vertebrae and sacral vertebrae. In reptiles, ribs sometimes occur in all vertebrae from the neck to the sacrum. Fish can have up to four ribs on each vertebrae and this can easily be seen in the herring, although not all fish have this many.

Types of Ribs

The human skeleton has 24 ribs, 12 on each side. (A small proportion have one pair more or fewer.) They are attached behind the vertebral column. The first seven pairs are connected to the sternum in front and are known as true ribs (costae verae, I-VII). The eighth, ninth, and tenth are attached in front to the cartilaginous portion of the next rib above and are known as false ribs (costae spuriae, VIII-X). The lower two, that is the eleventh and twelfth, are not attached in front and are called floating ribs (costae fluitantes, XI-XII). The spaces between the ribs are known as intercostal spaces; they contain the intercostal muscles, nerves, and arteries. The rib cage allows for breathing due to its elasticity. In some humans, the rib remnant of the 7th neck vertebra on one or both sides is replaced by a free extra rib called a cervical rib, which can cause trouble for the nerves going to the arm.

Rib Anatomy

Typical ribs

The third through ninth ribs are "typical ribs" since they share the same structure. They each have a head that has two facets separated by a crest. One head articulates with the rib's corresponding vertebra and one head articulates with the vertebra superior (above) to it. They have a neck that connects the head with the shaft. The neck meets the shaft at a tubercle. The shaft is thin, flat, and curved. The curve is most prominent at the costal angle. The concave (inside) surface has a groove to protect the intercostal nerve and vessels.

Atypical ribs

The atypical ribs are the 1st, 2nd, and 10th to 12th.
- The first rib has a shaft that is wide and nearly horizontal, and has the shapest curve of the seven true ribs. Its head has a single facet to articulate with the first thoracic vertebra (T1). It also has two grooves for the subclavian vessels, which are separated by the scalene tubercle.
- The second rib is thinner, less curved, and longer than the first rib. It has two facets to articulate with T2 and T1, and a tubercle for muscles to attach to.
- The 10th to 12th ribs have only one facet on their head, and the 11th and 12th ribs are short with no necks or tubercles.

Rib Fractures and Associated Injuries

The first rib is rarely fractured because of its protected position behind the clavicle (collarbone). However, if it is broken serious damage can occur to the brachial plexus of nerves and the subclavian vessels. The middle ribs are the ones most commonly fractured. Fractures usually occur from direct blows or from indirect crushing injuries. The weakest part of a rib is just anterior to its angle, but a fracture can occur anywhere. A lower rib fracture has the complication of potentially injuring the diaphragm, which could result in a diaphragmatic hernia. Rib fractures are painful because the ribs have to move for inspiration and expiration of air. Rib pain may also be associated with metastasis of cancer, especially from the breast or prostate.

Bifid rib, bifurcated rib

A Bifid rib or bifurcated rib is a congenital abnormality occurring in about 1% of the population. The sternal end of the rib is cleaved into two. It is usually unilateral. Effects of this neuroskeletal anomaly can include respiratory difficulties, neurological difficulties, limitations, and limited energy from the stress of needing to compensate for the neurophysiological difficulties.

Biblical Legend

There is a legend that men have one rib fewer than women. This is false, and originates from the Bible's description of the creation of Eve (from the rib of Adam). The Bible never speaks of men having one rib fewer than women, however.

See also


- Bone terminology
- Terms for anatomical location

Notes

#

References


- Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 4th ed. Keith L. Moor and Robert F. Dalley. pp. 62-64 Category:Thorax Category:Skeletal system ja:肋骨

Pubis

In human anatomy or in mammals in general, the mons pubis (Latin, pubic mound) is the soft mound of flesh present in both genders just above the genitals, raised above the surrounding area due to a pad of fat lying just beneath it which protects the pubic bone. After puberty it is normally covered with pubic hair to a greater or lesser extent, as may be the labia majora in females or the scrotal sac in males. In females this fleshy area above the vulva is also called the mons veneris (Latin, mound of Venus).
Category:pelvis

Category:Muscular system

The muscular system is the biological system of animals (including humans) that allows them to move internally and externally. The muscular system in vertebrates consists of three different types of muscles: cardiac, skeletal and smooth. Cardiac muscle is a striated muscle that makes up the heart. It is the only type of muscle consisting of branching fibers. Skeletal muscle consists of voluntary muscles attached to the frame of the skeletal system enabling bodily movement. Smooth muscle is the involuntary muscle that enables the movement of internal organs. Movement of all muscles is controlled through the nervous system. Category:Musculoskeletal system

El Cerro-Monterey Park, New Mexico

El Cerro-Monterey Park is a census-designated place located in Valencia County, New Mexico. As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 5,483.

Geography

2000 El Cerro-Monterey Park is located at 34°46'13" North, 106°38'15" West (34.770149, -106.637606). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 24.2 km² (9.3 mi²). 24.2 km² (9.3 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 5,483 people, 1,479 households, and 1,240 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 226.9/km² (587.6/mi²). There are 1,620 housing units at an average density of 67.0/km² (173.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 58.03% White, 0.80% African American, 1.79% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.15% Pacific Islander, 33.89% from other races, and 5.09% from two or more races. 73.85% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,479 households out of which 59.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.8% are married couples living together, 13.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 16.1% are non-families. 11.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 1.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 3.71 and the average family size is 3.97. In the CDP the population is spread out with 41.4% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 13.4% from 45 to 64, and 3.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 24 years. For every 100 females there are 106.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 106.0 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $25,761, and the median income for a family is $25,593. Males have a median income of $21,775 versus $17,298 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $8,734. 34.6% of the population and 27.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 42.3% of those under the age of 18 and 5.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

Category:Census-designated places in New Mexico Category:Valencia County, New Mexico

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